Public Institutions In India Most Important Questions with Answer BA Programme sem-4 in English Medium

ELECTION COMMISION 

• Constitutional Body: ECI is a constitutional body established under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution.

• Autonomous: It functions independently of the government to ensure impartiality in its functioning.

• Tripartite structure: The ECI consists of a Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and two Election Commissioners (ECs).

• Tenure and removal: The CEC and EC have a fixed tenure and can only be removed through impeachment, thereby ensuring their independence.

• Advisory role: The ECI advises the President of India on matters related to electoral reforms.

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF ELECTION COMMISSION

• Electoral Roll: ECI is responsible for preparing and updating the Electoral Roll, which lists all eligible voters.

• Conducting Elections: ECI conducts elections for the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, State Assemblies and State Legislative Councils.

• Model Code of Conduct: ECI enforces Model Code of Conduct for political parties and candidates to ensure fairness during elections.

• Voter Awareness: ECI takes various initiatives to educate voters about their rights and the importance of voting through campaigns such as National Voters' Day.

• Monitoring of election expenditure: ECI monitors and regulates election expenditure to prevent misuse of money power in elections.

• Dispute Resolution: The ECI resolves election-related disputes, including petitions challenging election results.

• Election Observers: The ECI deploys election observers to monitor the electoral process and ensure adherence to election laws and guidelines.

• Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs): ECI is responsible for the use and maintenance of EVMs, which are used for voting.

• Electoral Reforms: The ECI recommends electoral reforms to the government to improve the electoral process and address emerging challenges.

• Monitoring of Political Parties: ECI registers political parties and monitors their compliance with election laws and guidelines.

NITI AAYOG

• NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India) which was established in place of Planning Commission.

• It was formed on 1 January 2015 with the aim of promoting cooperative federalism by involving states in economic policy-making in India.

• NITI Aayog seeks to provide strategic and technical advice to the central and state governments in India.

MAIN FUNCTIONS OF NITI AAYOG

• Policy Making:  NITI Aayog is responsible for formulating both long-term and short-term policies and strategies for the government.

• Cooperative Federalism: One of the key features of NITI Aayog is to promote cooperative federalism by involving states in the economic decision-making process.

• It encourages states to take initiatives for economic planning and development.

• Research: NITI Aayog conducts research and analysis on various developmental issues and publishes reports, studies and policy papers to guide the policy making process of the government.

monitoring and evaluation:

• NITI Aayog monitors and evaluates the implementation of various government schemes and programs to assess their impact and effectiveness.

• Initiatives and Programmes: NITI Aayog has launched several initiatives and programs to promote sustainable and inclusive growth in India.

• Some of these initiatives include Atal Innovation Mission, Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) India Index and Aspirational Districts Program

• Collaboration with International Organizations: NITI Aayog collaborates with international organizations and experts to exchange knowledge, best practices and innovative ideas to address developmental challenges in India.

• organizing workshops, training programs, and skill development initiatives for government officials, policymakers, and other stakeholders to enhance their skills and capabilities.

With the Prime Minister as the chairperson, presently NITI Aayog consists[20] of:

• Vice Chairperson: Suman Bery.

• Ex-Officio Members: Amit Shah, Rajnath Singh, Nirmala Sitaraman and Arjun Munda.[21]

• Special Invitees: Nitin Gadkari, Piyush Goyal, Virendra Kumar, Ashwini Vaishnaw and Rao Inderjit Singh, [21]

• Full-time Members: V. K. Saraswat (former DRDO Chief), Ramesh Chand (Agriculture Expert)1221 and V. K. Paul (Public Health expert), [23] Arvind Virmani (Economist).

• Chief Executive Officer (CEO): B. V. R. Subrahmanyam[24]

• Governing Council: All Chief Ministers of States (including Delhi and Puducherry), Lieutenant Governors of all other UTs[25]

THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION (NHRC) 

• The National Human Rights Commission of India is a statutory public body constituted on 12 October 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.

• It is responsible for the protection of human rights as well as investigating complaints.

• Autonomous: NHRC functions autonomously without interference from the government or any other external entities to ensure its impartiality and effectiveness.

• Investigative Powers: The Commission has the authority to investigate complaints of human rights violations and may subpoena witnesses, examine witnesses under oath, and subpoena relevant records.

• Advisory role: In addition to its investigative role, it also plays an advisory role by making recommendations to the government on policies, legislation and measures to improve human rights protection.

• Public Awareness and Education: NHRC organizes campaigns, workshops and seminars to increase public awareness about human rights and promote human rights culture in the country.

• Annual and Special Reports: The NHRC prepares and presents annual and special reports to the Government and Parliament highlighting the human rights situation in the country, its findings, recommendations and actions taken.

• Receiving complaints: The NHRC receives complaints of human rights violations suo motu or from individuals, organizations or groups.

• Inquiry and Investigation: After receiving the complaint, the Commission conducts inquiry or investigation to ascertain the facts and circumstances of the alleged human rights violation.

THE POLICE 

Police in India play an important role in maintaining law and order, preventing crime and ensuring the safety of its citizens.

संरचना 

central agencies

• These are national level police organizations responsible for specific tasks such as intelligence gathering, border security and combating organized crime.

• Examples include The Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), National Investigation Agency (NIA), and Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF).

state police

• Each state and union territory in India has its own police force which is responsible for maintaining law and order in its jurisdiction.

• The Director General of Police (DGP) is the highest-ranking officer in a state's police force.

district police

• At the district level, the police are responsible for day-to-day law enforcement activities.

• Each district has a Superintendent of Police (SP) who heads the district police force.

Specialized Units

• These include specialized branches within the police force, such as the Traffic Police, Crime Branch, Anti-Terrorism Squad (ATS), and Women's Police Stations.

• Hierarchical structure: The police force in India has a hierarchical structure with clearly defined ranks and responsibilities, ranging from constables and sub-inspectors to senior officers like the Director General of Police.

• Jurisdiction: Police jurisdiction is determined by geographical boundaries, with state police responsible for law enforcement within their respective states and district police within their districts.

• Legal Powers: Police are empowered by law to investigate crimes, make arrests and maintain public order.

• They can also file a First Information Report (FIR) and charge individuals with criminal offences.

• Maintaining public order: Police play an important role in maintaining public order during protests and other public gatherings.

• They are responsible for crowd control and ensuring the safety of participants and spectators.

• Traffic Management: Traffic police is responsible for regulating traffic, enforcing traffic laws and ensuring road safety. They also handle issues such as issuing driving licenses and vehicle registrations.

• Law Enforcement: The primary role of the police is to enforce laws, prevent crime, and apprehend criminals.

• This includes Patrolling areas, conducting raids, and responding to emergencies.

The Reserve Bank of India

• The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is the central banking institution of India,

• Which is responsible for regulating the country's monetary policy and managing its currency, the Indian Rupee (INR).

role of central bank

• RBI acts as the central bank of India

• And is responsible for maintaining monetary stability, ensuring financial stability and regulating the banking and financial system in the country.

issuance of currency

• RBI has the sole authority to issue currency notes and coins in India.

• It is responsible for ensuring an adequate supply of currency in circulation and maintaining the integrity and security of the currency.

government banker

• RBI acts as the banker, financial advisor and debt manager of the Government of India.

• It manages the banking transactions of the government, facilitates the raising of funds through the issuance of bonds and manages the national debt.

regulator of the banking system

• RBI regulates and supervises banks and financial institutions operating in India to ensure their stability and soundness.

• It sets prudential norms, conducts inspections and takes corrective action to maintain the health of the banking system.

foreign exchange management

• RBI manages India's foreign exchange reserves and regulates foreign exchange transactions to maintain the stability of the rupee and facilitate external trade and payments.

consumer Protection

• RBI works to protect the interests of consumers by ensuring fair and transparent practices by banks and financial institutions, promoting financial literacy and addressing public complaints.